[ti:Learn about US Presidential Campaigns]
[by:www.21voa.com]
[00:00.00]更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
[00:00.04]Every four years, the United States
[00:03.40]holds an election for the president in November.
[00:07.52]This lesson aims to help teachers and learners
[00:11.28]understand the political processes
[00:13.84]and expressions used during the election campaign.
[00:18.56]Let us begin with the expression, political party.
[00:22.16]In elections, parties organize candidates
[00:26.08]who share party members' ideas
[00:28.44]about how government should operate.
[00:31.56]They try to win elections
[00:33.28]to gain and keep political power.
[00:36.96]There are two major political parties in the U.S.
[00:40.24]They are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
[00:45.28]There are other small political parties at the national level.
[00:49.16]These include the Libertarian and Green parties.
[00:54.44]Each of the U.S. states and territories
[00:57.88]holds votes early in the election year.
[01:02.72]In many states and territories,
[01:06.04]these votes are called primaries.
[01:10.28]You may know the word "primary" as an adjective
[01:14.08]meaning "happening or coming first"
[01:18.24]as in "primary school."
[01:21.88]When speaking of elections, it is a noun,
[01:25.84]but it has a similar meaning
[01:29.44]– it is the first election in a voting process
[01:33.40]that takes place over one year.
[01:37.52]You might also hear the term caucus.
[01:41.44]A caucus is also a kind of election,
[01:46.12]but it is held privately
[01:48.92]by the party and usually does not involve
[01:53.16]state election officials or equipment.
[01:57.92]The Iowa caucus was for a long time
[02:01.64]the first presidential contest during an election year.
[02:07.64]In a primary or a caucus, voters choose
[02:11.96]the party's candidates for local and state offices
[02:16.44]as well as for national offices.
[02:20.96]The candidates who get the most votes
[02:23.92]become the candidates for the election in the fall.
[02:29.24]Primaries can be "open" or "closed."
[02:33.08]Anyone can take part in an open primary election
[02:38.04]— even members of another party.
[02:42.20]Only registered party members
[02:45.12]can vote in a closed primary.
[02:49.12]In some states, voters choose delegates in the primaries.
[02:54.60]State party organizations
[02:56.88]have different rules for choosing them.
[03:00.44]Delegates are people who will attend
[03:02.56]their party's convention, or general meeting.
[03:06.92]When a delegate is elected to choose a particular candidate,
[03:10.96]we say the delegate is pledged to the candidate.
[03:15.56]To pledge is to promise something.
[03:19.64]Each party holds a national convention
[03:23.64]– a large meeting where the delegates officially
[03:27.80]nominate the candidate that the party supports
[03:31.68]for the presidential election.
[03:35.36]The verb "nominate"
[03:37.52]means to officially choose someone
[03:40.24]as a candidate for a position.
[03:44.20]You will hear some other forms of the word
[03:47.36]in election news.
[03:50.24]To describe the process
[03:51.84]of having the delegates choose a candidate,
[03:54.64]we use the noun form, "nomination."
[03:58.88]At the convention, the candidate
[04:01.16]who gains the majority of delegates
[04:03.32]is called the "nominee."
[04:06.40]The nominee gives a speech to accept the nomination.
[04:11.80]The party platform is a statement of
[04:15.68]the ideology of the party and its candidate.
[04:21.32]At the party convention,
[04:23.48]the organizing committee shares its platform.
[04:28.32]The platform is a statement of the policies
[04:31.72]that the party hopes to put in place
[04:34.92]during its candidate's term in office.
[04:40.40]Presidential candidates travel the country
[04:43.32]speaking to voters at a series of events called rallies.
[04:48.60]Reporters use the expression "campaign trail"
[04:51.68]to describe these events.
[04:53.60]This is a metaphor for
[04:55.76]progressing along a path toward a goal.
[04:59.80]The election campaign is sometimes called a "race,"
[05:03.12]another metaphor comparing the election campaign
[05:06.44]to a sporting competition.
[05:09.56]Part of the campaign process
[05:11.88]is for the candidates to debate each other.
[05:16.88]These are televised events where a reporter
[05:21.12]asks questions that interest the public
[05:24.28]and gives each candidate
[05:26.36]a limited time to answer them.
[05:29.88]The form of the political debates is not the same
[05:34.28]as traditional academic debates,
[05:37.60]where teams compete under clear rules and time limits.
[05:44.88]Presidential candidates and others who run for public office
[05:48.84]must find money to pay for those rallies,
[05:52.12]television advertising, and campaign workers.
[05:55.64]A common way to pay for a campaign is to ask for money.
[05:59.88]People who give to a candidate are donors.
[06:03.60]The Federal Election Commission
[06:06.04]makes rules about how much,
[06:08.20]when, and how donations can be made.
[06:13.20]Researchers get the opinions of voters
[06:16.68]in an effort to guess, or predict,
[06:20.40]the results of an upcoming election.
[06:25.12]They do this with polls,
[06:27.56]or public opinion studies.
[06:31.40]This word has two meanings in the elections.
[06:36.48]One is where a researcher might
[06:39.36]ask you about your party affiliation
[06:42.44]and which candidate you plan to support
[06:45.96]in a telephone call.
[06:48.60]Your party affiliation is the party
[06:51.80]you are registered with or that you support.
[06:56.88]The other meaning of "poll" is the place
[07:01.60]where you go to vote on election day.
[07:05.56]We can also use "polling place."
[07:08.84]Schools, religious centers
[07:12.28]and public buildings can be polling places.
[07:17.00]In them, voters cast their ballot secretly.
[07:22.84]That means they fill out their ballot
[07:25.40]without pressure from others in the room
[07:28.36]and turn in their ballot to be counted by poll workers.
[07:34.48]In the last two election years of 2020 and 2022,
[07:40.76]people could send in their ballots by mail.
[07:45.48]But polling places remain important
[07:49.12]for processing and counting ballots.
[07:53.48]Now that you have some of the expressions used
[07:56.20]to talk about the presidential campaign,
[07:59.60]you should use them with some care.
[08:01.92]It is not normal to ask someone
[08:04.88]what party he or she is a member of
[08:07.84]although many people will offer that information freely.
[08:12.80]In some situations, such as among close friends,
[08:16.64]you will hear Americans talk about the candidates
[08:19.96]and voice their opinions openly.
[08:23.36]But when talking with a new acquaintance or a stranger,
[08:26.44]it is best to avoid asking about political affiliation.
[08:31.96]Also, know that some workplaces
[08:34.40]have rules against political activity,
[08:36.84]and, in government, most political activity is not legal
[08:41.80]although people often share their opinions.
[08:45.68]I'm Jill Robbins.
[08:47.96]And I'm Andrew Smith. 更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
END OF TRACK. "END OF TRACK." The two men bowed. "Whoever was that person you were talking to?" she enquired, as soon as they stood together. The took of triumph faded from her eyes, she had grown worn and weary. The roses were wilting on the walls, the lights were mostly down now. Hetty, looking in to see if anything was wanted, found herself driven away almost fiercely. I only saw Master Jervie once when he called at tea time, The year 1747 was opened by measures of restriction. The House of Lords, offended at the publication of the proceedings of the trial of Lord Lovat, summoned the parties to their bar, committed them to prison, and refused to liberate them till they had pledged themselves not to repeat the offence, and had paid very heavy fees. The consequence of this was that the transactions of the Peers were almost entirely suppressed for nearly thirty years from this time, and we draw our knowledge of them chiefly from notes taken by Horace Walpole and Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. What is still more remarkable, the reports of the House of Commons, being taken by stealth, and on the merest sufferance, are of the most meagre kind, sometimes altogether wanting, and the speeches are given uniformly under fictitious names; for to have attributed to Pitt or Pelham their[112] speeches by name would have brought down on the printers the summary vengeance of the House. Many of the members complained bitterly of this breach of the privileges of Parliament, and of "being put into print by low fellows"; but Pelham had the sense to tolerate them, saying, "Let them alone; they make better speeches for us than we can make for ourselves." Altogether, the House of Commons exhibited the most deplorable aspect that can be conceived. The Ministry had pursued Walpole's system of buying up opponents by place, or pension, or secret service money, till there was no life left in the House. Ministers passed their measures without troubling themselves to say much in their behalf; and the opposition dwindled to Sir John Hinde Cotton, now dismissed from office, and a feeble remnant of Jacobites raised but miserable resistance. In vain the Prince of Wales and the secret instigations of Bolingbroke and Doddington stimulated the spirit of discontent; both Houses had degenerated into most silent and insignificant arenas of very commonplace business. "It certainly will be. Miss Widgeon," answered Maria, with strictly "company manners." "One who has never had a brother exposed to the constant dangers of army life can hardly understand how glad we all feel to have Si snatched from the very jaws of death and brung back to us." "Just plug at 'em as you would at a crow, and then go on your way whistlin'?" persisted Harry. "Hurroo!" echoed Hennessey; "that's the ticket." "Come forward, keeper," continued the baron, "and state how these arrows came into your hands!" "Yes." HoMEJULIA京香2018下载
ENTER NUMBET 0015www.1460.com.cn
zzyweb.com.cn
bjxinya.com.cn
www.47546.com.cn
hostelmania.com.cn
www.sinozeo.com.cn
facepal.com.cn
www.seesle.com.cn
www.zhusdz.com.cn
zgjkyl.com.cn