[ti:Pastoralists Modernizing to Deal With Climate Change, New Lifestyles]
[by:www.21voa.com]
[00:00.00]更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
[00:00.04]More than 50 million people in Asia, Africa,
[00:05.32]the Middle East and elsewhere
[00:07.72]follow pastoralism as a way of life.
[00:12.96]They keep animals and move with them
[00:16.28]to find lands from which their animals can eat.
[00:21.60]They often sell some of their animals as meat also.
[00:27.36]Pastoralism has supported these populations
[00:31.56]for much of history.
[00:34.40]But it faces pressure from worsening environments,
[00:38.64]reductions of pastoral lands,
[00:41.76]and new generations who seek a less difficult life.
[00:47.72]At the same time, pastoralism is modernizing,
[00:52.56]with groups using new technologies.
[00:56.96]The practice has survived for so long
[01:00.24]because it is designed to change with the environment.
[01:05.88]Pastoralists move with animals
[01:09.00]to find new lands and water,
[01:12.24]leaving behind eaten plants to regrow.
[01:16.68]Experts say pastoralism
[01:19.40]can teach those that keep animals in industrial numbers
[01:24.24]to change with the climate
[01:26.76]and reduce their effects on the environment.
[01:31.96]Pastoralists are not only trying
[01:34.88]to keep up with climate change; they are fighting it.
[01:39.80]Mongolia is well known for its pastoralism.
[01:45.08]The practice is even included in the nation's constitution.
[01:51.16]It calls its 80 million animals, including camels,
[01:55.92]yaks, cows, sheep, goats, and horses,
[02:00.72]as "national wealth" protected by the state.
[02:06.04]Agvaantogtokh and his family are herders.
[02:10.88]On horseback, he rides with nearly a thousand sheep
[02:15.64]and goats to help them find water.
[02:20.04]Sometimes, he and his wife, Nurmaa,
[02:24.12]stop to help struggling young ones,
[02:27.00]weak after a difficult winter.
[02:31.08]For families like Agvaantogtokh's,
[02:34.20]pastoralism is more than a profession.
[02:39.12]It is a cultural identity that connects generations.
[02:45.00]At its heart is the human connection to animals.
[02:50.16]Agvaantogtokh and his family sell animals for meat.
[02:56.04]They also sell dairy products
[02:58.60]such as yogurt and hard cheeses.
[03:02.84]While they consider the animals as their property,
[03:06.64]they also see them as living beings
[03:10.12]working alongside them.
[03:13.48]Researchers say herders believe in "animal agency."
[03:19.20]Agvaantogtokh lets his animals choose the food they eat
[03:24.04]and where they find water.
[03:27.32]To him, restricting an animal's movement
[03:30.84]and asking it to eat the same thing each day
[03:35.36]is like putting a person in prison.
[03:39.20]In Mongolia, weather extremes are a part of life.
[03:44.92]When Agvaantogtokh thinks about climate change,
[03:49.40]he is concerned about humans and animals.
[03:54.12]Continuous dry and warm weather affects Mongolia.
[04:00.08]Since 1940, the government says,
[04:03.92]average temperatures have risen 2.2 degrees Celsius.
[04:10.36]Dzuds – natural disasters special to Mongolia
[04:14.84]caused by dry weather and severe snowy winters
[04:19.32]– have grown harsher and happen more often.
[04:24.60]A dzud pushed Agvaantogtokh and his family
[04:29.20]to move out after a disastrous winter
[04:32.92]killed 400 of their animals.
[04:36.80]To keep their practice alive,
[04:39.00]pastoralists seek ways to modernize.
[04:43.76]In Mongolia, Lkhaebum recently began
[04:48.16]using a small vehicle to more easily search for horses.
[04:54.20]The family uses electricity and has other technologies
[04:59.04]including a television and clothes washing machine.
[05:04.60]They also use a cellphone to follow the weather
[05:08.44]and access social media where herders share information.
[05:14.92]One of the biggest threats to pastoralism comes from within,
[05:20.36]as the next generation chooses other paths.
[05:25.44]Nurmaa and Agvaantogtokh's 18-year old daughter studies medicine.
[05:32.96]Their son spoke about becoming a herder
[05:36.08]when he was a child, but not anymore.
[05:40.64]"I won't regret anything if my child won't be a herder," Nurmaa said.
[05:47.92]She added, "I would like them to do what they aspire to do."
[05:54.20]I'm Gregory Stachel. 更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
END OF TRACK. "END OF TRACK." The two men bowed. "Whoever was that person you were talking to?" she enquired, as soon as they stood together. The took of triumph faded from her eyes, she had grown worn and weary. The roses were wilting on the walls, the lights were mostly down now. Hetty, looking in to see if anything was wanted, found herself driven away almost fiercely. I only saw Master Jervie once when he called at tea time, The year 1747 was opened by measures of restriction. The House of Lords, offended at the publication of the proceedings of the trial of Lord Lovat, summoned the parties to their bar, committed them to prison, and refused to liberate them till they had pledged themselves not to repeat the offence, and had paid very heavy fees. The consequence of this was that the transactions of the Peers were almost entirely suppressed for nearly thirty years from this time, and we draw our knowledge of them chiefly from notes taken by Horace Walpole and Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. What is still more remarkable, the reports of the House of Commons, being taken by stealth, and on the merest sufferance, are of the most meagre kind, sometimes altogether wanting, and the speeches are given uniformly under fictitious names; for to have attributed to Pitt or Pelham their[112] speeches by name would have brought down on the printers the summary vengeance of the House. Many of the members complained bitterly of this breach of the privileges of Parliament, and of "being put into print by low fellows"; but Pelham had the sense to tolerate them, saying, "Let them alone; they make better speeches for us than we can make for ourselves." Altogether, the House of Commons exhibited the most deplorable aspect that can be conceived. The Ministry had pursued Walpole's system of buying up opponents by place, or pension, or secret service money, till there was no life left in the House. Ministers passed their measures without troubling themselves to say much in their behalf; and the opposition dwindled to Sir John Hinde Cotton, now dismissed from office, and a feeble remnant of Jacobites raised but miserable resistance. In vain the Prince of Wales and the secret instigations of Bolingbroke and Doddington stimulated the spirit of discontent; both Houses had degenerated into most silent and insignificant arenas of very commonplace business. "It certainly will be. Miss Widgeon," answered Maria, with strictly "company manners." "One who has never had a brother exposed to the constant dangers of army life can hardly understand how glad we all feel to have Si snatched from the very jaws of death and brung back to us." "Just plug at 'em as you would at a crow, and then go on your way whistlin'?" persisted Harry. "Hurroo!" echoed Hennessey; "that's the ticket." "Come forward, keeper," continued the baron, "and state how these arrows came into your hands!" "Yes." HoMEJULIA京香2018下载
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