[ti:Researchers: Two Separate Systems Control Human Movements]
[by:www.21voa.com]
[00:00.00]更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
[00:00.04]Great thinkers have considered
[00:03.08]the link between the human mind and body
[00:06.84]for thousands of years.
[00:09.00]This point of connection
[00:11.16]was the subject of recent research
[00:14.00]that appeared in Nature,
[00:15.92]a top science publication.
[00:18.64]The researchers reported
[00:20.80]that they have discovered
[00:22.68]two separate systems in the brain
[00:25.28]that control the human motor system.
[00:28.36]These systems are in parts of the brain area
[00:32.20]called the motor cortex.
[00:34.64]The motor cortex is a part of
[00:37.52]the brain's outermost layer,
[00:39.88]the cerebral cortex.
[00:42.16]Researchers said they found
[00:44.60]that parts of the motor cortex
[00:46.84]that govern body movement
[00:49.12]are connected with a network
[00:51.36]involved in thinking, planning, pain,
[00:55.28]control of organs,
[00:56.88]as well as blood pressure and heart rate.
[01:00.28]Evan Gordon of the Washington University
[01:04.40]School of Medicine in St. Louis
[01:07.36]was the lead author of the study.
[01:10.32]Gordon said that the researchers showed
[01:13.44]that the human motor system
[01:15.52]is not one unit.
[01:17.64]"Instead, we believe
[01:19.76]there are two separate systems
[01:21.76]that control movement," he explained.
[01:24.96]One system, he said,
[01:27.40]is for "isolated movement
[01:29.92]of your hands, feet and face.
[01:33.16]This system is important,
[01:35.36]for example, for writing or speaking -
[01:38.76]movements that need to involve
[01:40.96]only the one body part."
[01:43.40]The research identified a second system
[01:47.08]within the motor cortex that they named SCAN,
[01:51.16]short for somato-cognitive action network.
[01:55.84]Researchers documented its connections
[01:58.52]to brain areas known to help set goals
[02:01.92]and plan actions.
[02:04.52]The SCAN is more important
[02:06.92]for whole body movements
[02:08.68]and "is more connected to high-level
[02:11.56]planning regions of your brain," Gordon said.
[02:15.44]The findings detail
[02:17.52]the brain's mind-body connection.
[02:20.00]Nico Dosenbach
[02:21.96]of the Washington University School of Medicine
[02:25.44]was the study's senior lead author.
[02:29.20]"Modern neuroscience does not include
[02:32.12]any kind of mind-body dualism," he said.
[02:36.04]The SCAN finding provides more explanation,
[02:39.84]Dosenbach added,
[02:41.68]"for why 'the body' and 'the mind'
[02:44.28]aren't separate or separable."
[02:47.76]The researchers used modern
[02:50.04]brain-imaging techniques
[02:52.04]to test an important map
[02:54.20]established ninety years ago
[02:56.72]by brain surgeon Wilder Penfield.
[03:00.16]Their findings showed that Penfield's map,
[03:03.72]limited by the technologies of his time,
[03:07.08]needed changes.
[03:09.04]Researchers identified
[03:11.52]SCAN by using special imaging in seven adults.
[03:16.24]They then checked their findings
[03:18.88]against larger datasets
[03:21.00]that included thousands of adults.
[03:24.24]Further imaging identified
[03:26.56]the SCAN circuit in an 11-month-old
[03:30.08]and a 9-year-old,
[03:32.08]while finding it had not yet formed in a newborn.
[03:37.40]Those observations were supported
[03:39.84]in larger datasets
[03:41.44]of hundreds of newborns
[03:43.32]and thousands of 9-year-olds.
[03:46.08]The research showed how much more
[03:49.20]there is to learn about the human brain.
[03:52.32]Gordon said, "the purpose of the brain
[03:55.80]is highly debated."
[03:57.48]He explained that some experts
[04:00.40]think of the brain as an organ
[04:02.76]intended mainly to perceive and interpret
[04:06.40]the world around us.
[04:08.76]On the other hand, Gordon explained,
[04:11.60]other experts think of the "brain
[04:14.12]as an organ designed
[04:15.76]to produce the best 'outputs' -
[04:18.16]usually a physical action -
[04:20.60]to optimize survivability and evolutionary fitness
[04:25.12]for any given situation."
[04:27.68]Gordon suggested that
[04:29.68]both views are probably correct.
[04:32.96]Still, he said,
[04:34.40]"The SCAN fits most cleanly
[04:36.76]with the latter interpretation:
[04:39.20]it integrates goals and planning
[04:41.80]with whole-body actions."
[04:45.04]I'm John Russell. 更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
END OF TRACK. "END OF TRACK." The two men bowed. "Whoever was that person you were talking to?" she enquired, as soon as they stood together. The took of triumph faded from her eyes, she had grown worn and weary. The roses were wilting on the walls, the lights were mostly down now. Hetty, looking in to see if anything was wanted, found herself driven away almost fiercely. I only saw Master Jervie once when he called at tea time, The year 1747 was opened by measures of restriction. The House of Lords, offended at the publication of the proceedings of the trial of Lord Lovat, summoned the parties to their bar, committed them to prison, and refused to liberate them till they had pledged themselves not to repeat the offence, and had paid very heavy fees. The consequence of this was that the transactions of the Peers were almost entirely suppressed for nearly thirty years from this time, and we draw our knowledge of them chiefly from notes taken by Horace Walpole and Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. What is still more remarkable, the reports of the House of Commons, being taken by stealth, and on the merest sufferance, are of the most meagre kind, sometimes altogether wanting, and the speeches are given uniformly under fictitious names; for to have attributed to Pitt or Pelham their[112] speeches by name would have brought down on the printers the summary vengeance of the House. Many of the members complained bitterly of this breach of the privileges of Parliament, and of "being put into print by low fellows"; but Pelham had the sense to tolerate them, saying, "Let them alone; they make better speeches for us than we can make for ourselves." Altogether, the House of Commons exhibited the most deplorable aspect that can be conceived. The Ministry had pursued Walpole's system of buying up opponents by place, or pension, or secret service money, till there was no life left in the House. Ministers passed their measures without troubling themselves to say much in their behalf; and the opposition dwindled to Sir John Hinde Cotton, now dismissed from office, and a feeble remnant of Jacobites raised but miserable resistance. In vain the Prince of Wales and the secret instigations of Bolingbroke and Doddington stimulated the spirit of discontent; both Houses had degenerated into most silent and insignificant arenas of very commonplace business. "It certainly will be. Miss Widgeon," answered Maria, with strictly "company manners." "One who has never had a brother exposed to the constant dangers of army life can hardly understand how glad we all feel to have Si snatched from the very jaws of death and brung back to us." "Just plug at 'em as you would at a crow, and then go on your way whistlin'?" persisted Harry. "Hurroo!" echoed Hennessey; "that's the ticket." "Come forward, keeper," continued the baron, "and state how these arrows came into your hands!" "Yes." HoMEJULIA京香2018下载
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