[ti:The Passing of Two Civil Rights Leaders]
[ar:Steve Ember]
[al:IN THE NEWS]
[by:www.21voa.com]
[00:00.00]This is IN THE NEWS
[00:05.24]in VOA Special English.
[00:07.98]In recent days,
[00:09.87]Americans have lost
[00:12.22]two civil rights leaders
[00:13.71]of the twentieth century,
[00:15.60] Dorothy Height and Benjamin Hooks.
[00:18.64]Dorothy Height died Tuesday
[00:21.33]at the age of ninety-eight.
[00:23.12]She witnessed more civil rights
[00:25.91]history than any other
[00:27.86]African-American leader of her time.
[00:30.64]She said the greatest change
[00:33.39]she witnessed was the ending
[00:35.58]of racial segregation laws
[00:37.77]in the United States.
[00:39.61]She was the longtime chairwoman
[00:42.85]of the National Council of Negro Women.
[00:45.73]She was an activist, humanitarian
[00:48.97]and adviser to presidents
[00:51.35]including Barack Obama.
[00:54.14]He remembered her as
[00:56.13]"the godmother of
[00:57.68]the Civil Rights Movement."
[00:58.97]Dorothy Height grew up
[01:01.76]in Pennsylvania.
[01:02.70]She won a four-year
[01:04.25]college scholarship,
[01:05.90]the top prize nationally
[01:07.80]in a public speaking contest
[01:10.24]on the Constitution.
[01:12.13]She arrived at school
[01:13.88]in New York City -- only to learn
[01:16.42]that an unwritten limit of
[01:19.05]"two Negro students per year"
[01:21.99]had already been met.
[01:23.98]DOROTHY HEIGHT: "I was accepted
[01:25.03]at Barnard College and I was denied
[01:28.26]admission when I arrived
[01:29.70]because they had a quota of two.
[01:32.29]And they did not know
[01:33.83]that I was not white.
[01:35.75] And so when I got there
[01:39.91]I was turned away."
[01:41.20]Dorothy Height went on to earn bachelor
[01:43.34]and master's degrees in four years
[01:46.03]at New York University.
[01:48.32]She worked with
[01:49.86]Martin Luther King Junior in the push
[01:52.35]for civil rights for blacks
[01:54.14]in the nineteen fifties and sixties.
[01:57.38]Yet she had to push to make herself
[02:00.42]heard as a woman among mostly
[02:03.06]male civil rights leaders.
[02:05.45] She was the only woman standing
[02:08.18]nearby as Martin Luther King
[02:11.07]gave his "I Have a Dream"
[02:13.55]speech in Washington.
[02:15.39]Dorothy Height received the
[02:17.98]Presidential Medal of Freedom
[02:19.78]and the Congressional Gold Medal
[02:22.32]for her work for racial
[02:24.41]and gender equality.
[02:26.79]Benjamin Hooks died last week
[02:30.18]at the age of eighty-five.
[02:32.02]He was a clergyman, lawyer
[02:34.71]and former head of the NAACP
[02:38.29]-- the National Association
[02:39.78]for the Advancement of Colored People.
[02:42.68]He received the Presidential Medal
[02:45.42]of Freedom in two thousand seven.
[02:47.76]Benjamin Hooks was born
[02:50.29]in Memphis, Tennessee,
[02:52.08]at a time when the southern city
[02:54.27]discriminated against blacks
[02:56.51]in all areas of public life.
[02:59.75]He enrolled in college
[03:01.85]but was drafted into the Army
[03:04.49]and served in Italy
[03:06.33]during World War Two.
[03:08.22]During training, he
[03:10.71]and other blacks were kept apart
[03:13.84]from the whites they trained with.
[03:16.38]BENJAMIN HOOKS: "So when I came
[03:17.54]out of the Army, I had already
[03:20.03]decided I wanted to be part
[03:21.43]of breaking down segregation.
[03:23.57]Because I felt it had
[03:25.16]to be broken down.
[03:26.20]I felt it would be broken.
[03:27.75]So I consciously devoted my life to that."
[03:31.83]But because of his color no law school
[03:35.52]in Tennessee would admit him.
[03:37.61]So Benjamin Hooks enrolled
[03:40.30]at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois,
[03:44.38]where he earned a law degree
[03:46.52]in nineteen forty-eight.
[03:48.52]Soon after that, he returned to
[03:51.80] Memphis to work with the NAACP.
[03:55.34]During the nineteen fifties,
[03:57.88]he helped organize non-violent
[04:00.91]sit-in protests and boycotts
[04:03.85]of segregated white businesses.
[04:06.73]He and Martin Luther King both
[04:10.32]wanted to create social change
[04:12.86]through a combination of moral
[04:15.60]persuasion and legislation.
[04:18.15]Martin Luther King spoke about
[04:21.19]changing white people's hearts
[04:23.87]and changing the laws.
[04:26.41]But Benjamin Hooks placed
[04:29.00]more importance on legal activism.
[04:31.93]He served as the director
[04:34.12]of the NAACP for fifteen years.
[04:37.96]And that's IN THE NEWS
[04:40.39]in VOA Special English,
[04:43.48]written by Brianna Blake.
[04:45.27]You can read and listen
[04:47.41]to our programs at 51voa.com.
[04:53.04]I'm Steve Ember.
END OF TRACK. "END OF TRACK." The two men bowed. "Whoever was that person you were talking to?" she enquired, as soon as they stood together. The took of triumph faded from her eyes, she had grown worn and weary. The roses were wilting on the walls, the lights were mostly down now. Hetty, looking in to see if anything was wanted, found herself driven away almost fiercely. I only saw Master Jervie once when he called at tea time, The year 1747 was opened by measures of restriction. The House of Lords, offended at the publication of the proceedings of the trial of Lord Lovat, summoned the parties to their bar, committed them to prison, and refused to liberate them till they had pledged themselves not to repeat the offence, and had paid very heavy fees. The consequence of this was that the transactions of the Peers were almost entirely suppressed for nearly thirty years from this time, and we draw our knowledge of them chiefly from notes taken by Horace Walpole and Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. What is still more remarkable, the reports of the House of Commons, being taken by stealth, and on the merest sufferance, are of the most meagre kind, sometimes altogether wanting, and the speeches are given uniformly under fictitious names; for to have attributed to Pitt or Pelham their[112] speeches by name would have brought down on the printers the summary vengeance of the House. Many of the members complained bitterly of this breach of the privileges of Parliament, and of "being put into print by low fellows"; but Pelham had the sense to tolerate them, saying, "Let them alone; they make better speeches for us than we can make for ourselves." Altogether, the House of Commons exhibited the most deplorable aspect that can be conceived. The Ministry had pursued Walpole's system of buying up opponents by place, or pension, or secret service money, till there was no life left in the House. Ministers passed their measures without troubling themselves to say much in their behalf; and the opposition dwindled to Sir John Hinde Cotton, now dismissed from office, and a feeble remnant of Jacobites raised but miserable resistance. In vain the Prince of Wales and the secret instigations of Bolingbroke and Doddington stimulated the spirit of discontent; both Houses had degenerated into most silent and insignificant arenas of very commonplace business. "It certainly will be. Miss Widgeon," answered Maria, with strictly "company manners." "One who has never had a brother exposed to the constant dangers of army life can hardly understand how glad we all feel to have Si snatched from the very jaws of death and brung back to us." "Just plug at 'em as you would at a crow, and then go on your way whistlin'?" persisted Harry. "Hurroo!" echoed Hennessey; "that's the ticket." "Come forward, keeper," continued the baron, "and state how these arrows came into your hands!" "Yes." HoMEJULIA¾©Ïã2018ÏÂÔØ
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