[ti:US Scientists Successfully Attached Pig Kidney to Human]
[by:www.21voa.com]
[00:00.00]更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
[00:00.04]Doctors have successfully attached a kidney
[00:04.28]from a genetically engineered pig to a human body.
[00:09.68]The organ worked normally giving hope
[00:12.80]that it could be a major step forward
[00:15.32]to solve the shortage of human organs for transplant.
[00:21.48]The operation was done at New York University's
[00:24.96]Langone Health in New York City.
[00:28.44]The pig's genes were changed so that it no longer
[00:32.00]contained a molecule known to cause almost
[00:35.32]immediate rejection by the human body.
[00:39.76]The patient was brain-dead and had signs of kidney problems.
[00:44.60]Her family agreed to the experiment
[00:47.56]before she was scheduled to be taken off of life support.
[00:54.08]For over two days, the kidney was attached to her blood vessels.
[00:59.24]It was kept outside her body so researchers could observe it.
[01:04.80]The kidney did what it was supposed to do
[01:07.64]— filter waste and produce urine.
[01:11.60]And the body did not reject it.
[01:15.08]"It had absolutely normal function," said Dr. Robert Montgomery,
[01:21.52]who led the operation last month at NYU Langone Health.
[01:26.88]He told The Associated Press, "It didn't have
[01:31.24]this immediate rejection that we have worried about."
[01:36.00]This research is "a significant step," said Dr. Andrew Adams
[01:41.68]of the University of Minnesota Medical School
[01:44.76]who was not part of the team.
[01:49.24]The dream of animal-to-human transplants goes back to the 17th century
[01:55.32]when scientists tried unsuccessfully to use animal blood for transfusions.
[02:02.96]By the 20th century, doctors were attempting transplants
[02:07.44]of organs from baboons into humans.
[02:12.08]Baby Fae, a dying infant, lived 21 days with a baboon heart in 1984.
[02:23.16]Scientists have since turned from baboons to pigs.
[02:28.20]Pigs are produced for food, so using them for organs
[02:32.68]raises fewer ethical concerns.
[02:37.32]Pig heart valves have been used successfully for many years in humans.
[02:43.76]Skin grafts have been used to help burn victims.
[02:48.52]And Chinese scientists have used pig corneas to restore eyesight.
[02:56.28]But researchers have struggled with how to prevent
[02:59.52]immediate rejection of pig organs by the human body.
[03:06.32]Montgomery's team had the idea that removing a pig gene
[03:11.24]that produces a sugar molecule called alpha-gal
[03:15.32]would solve the problem.
[03:17.96]The genetically changed pig is called GalSafe.
[03:22.16]It is developed by Revivicor of the United Therapeutics Corporation.
[03:29.56]The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
[03:34.00]approved the process in December 2020
[03:37.64]for possible use in medicine as well as food.
[03:43.84]Some scientists are researching whether GalSafe pigs
[03:48.36]can be used for heart and skin needs.
[03:51.96]Organs developed from the pigs, however,
[03:55.16]would still require specific FDA approval
[03:59.20]before being used in humans, the agency said.
[04:04.64]Montgomery said the successful NYU kidney transplant experiment
[04:10.16]should lead to trials in patients with serious kidney problems.
[04:16.52]The pig kidney could be used as a temporary solution
[04:21.08]until a human kidney becomes available.
[04:25.16]Or it could be tested as a permanent fix.
[04:30.04]The current experiment was only in place for a short time.
[04:36.00]Montgomery added that any future trials
[04:39.40]could likely bring new problems that will need to be solved.
[04:45.64]The United Network for Organ Sharing says nearly 107,000 people
[04:52.24]are currently waiting for organ transplants in the U.S.
[04:57.28]More than 90,000 are waiting for a kidney.
[05:02.08]It can take three to five years for patients to find a kidney transplant.
[05:09.96]Karen Maschke is a researcher at the Hastings Center.
[05:14.88]She helps develop ethics and policy guidance
[05:18.40]for the trials with support from the National Institutes of Health.
[05:25.64]She said raising pigs to be organ donors feels wrong to some people.
[05:32.44]But it may grow more acceptable with consideration for their well-being.
[05:40.04]"The other issue is going to be: Should we be doing this
[05:43.84]just because we can?" Maschke said.
[05:48.88]I'm Dan Novak. 更多听力请访问21VOA.COM
END OF TRACK. "END OF TRACK." The two men bowed. "Whoever was that person you were talking to?" she enquired, as soon as they stood together. The took of triumph faded from her eyes, she had grown worn and weary. The roses were wilting on the walls, the lights were mostly down now. Hetty, looking in to see if anything was wanted, found herself driven away almost fiercely. I only saw Master Jervie once when he called at tea time, The year 1747 was opened by measures of restriction. The House of Lords, offended at the publication of the proceedings of the trial of Lord Lovat, summoned the parties to their bar, committed them to prison, and refused to liberate them till they had pledged themselves not to repeat the offence, and had paid very heavy fees. The consequence of this was that the transactions of the Peers were almost entirely suppressed for nearly thirty years from this time, and we draw our knowledge of them chiefly from notes taken by Horace Walpole and Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. What is still more remarkable, the reports of the House of Commons, being taken by stealth, and on the merest sufferance, are of the most meagre kind, sometimes altogether wanting, and the speeches are given uniformly under fictitious names; for to have attributed to Pitt or Pelham their[112] speeches by name would have brought down on the printers the summary vengeance of the House. Many of the members complained bitterly of this breach of the privileges of Parliament, and of "being put into print by low fellows"; but Pelham had the sense to tolerate them, saying, "Let them alone; they make better speeches for us than we can make for ourselves." Altogether, the House of Commons exhibited the most deplorable aspect that can be conceived. The Ministry had pursued Walpole's system of buying up opponents by place, or pension, or secret service money, till there was no life left in the House. Ministers passed their measures without troubling themselves to say much in their behalf; and the opposition dwindled to Sir John Hinde Cotton, now dismissed from office, and a feeble remnant of Jacobites raised but miserable resistance. In vain the Prince of Wales and the secret instigations of Bolingbroke and Doddington stimulated the spirit of discontent; both Houses had degenerated into most silent and insignificant arenas of very commonplace business. "It certainly will be. Miss Widgeon," answered Maria, with strictly "company manners." "One who has never had a brother exposed to the constant dangers of army life can hardly understand how glad we all feel to have Si snatched from the very jaws of death and brung back to us." "Just plug at 'em as you would at a crow, and then go on your way whistlin'?" persisted Harry. "Hurroo!" echoed Hennessey; "that's the ticket." "Come forward, keeper," continued the baron, "and state how these arrows came into your hands!" "Yes." HoMEJULIA京香2018下载
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